THE PARLEMENTARY FRONDE 1648 - 1649 (C1)

Following the death of Cardinal Richelieu in 1642, Cardinal Mazarin became the chief minister in France. By the end of the Thirty Years’ War in 1648 the country was faced with spiralling taxes and acute food shortages. The parlement in Paris called for reforms, but Mazarin took a firm line and arrested two of the ring leaders. This sparked off the first Fronde rebellion, based in Paris but with rumblings of discontent in the provinces. Nobility, bourgeoisie and workers took to the streets, protesting against heavy taxes and the absolute rule of the monarch. Eventually the regent for Louis XIV, Queen Anne of Austria, agreed to concessions, but the peace was short lived. As we shall see, in 1650 there was a second Fronde uprising, this time led by dissident nobles in the south who were anxious to reduce the Crown’s grip on government. Known as the Princely Fronde, it was ruthlessly crushed, as we shall see, by 1653 (CW).

Cardinal Mazarin and the Fronde

English Civil Wars - 1642-46, Parliament, King Charles

France's Mid-17th-Century Crisis: The Fronde (1648-1653)

Fronde (histoire) — Wikipédia

Fronde (histoire) — Wikipédia

The fronde hi-res stock photography and images - Alamy

Was the execution of King Charles I in 1649 justified or a gross injustice by Parliament? What is the present historical consensus, if there is one? - Quora

La Fronde – Party like 1660

Civil War - Chesterwiki

Fronde (1648–1653) - Bonney - 2011 - Major Reference Works - Wiley Online Library